Month: May 2026

Abstract Liver fibrosis represents one of the most significant global healthcare burdens of the twenty-first century and constitutes the final common pathological pathway of chronic liver diseases including viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic disorders, and toxin-mediated hepatic injury. Traditionally considered irreversible, liver fibrosis is now increasingly recognized as a dynamic and…

Introduction The history of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy began not with penicillin, but with sulphonamides. Long before the antibiotic revolution transformed medicine, sulphonamides emerged as humanity’s first successful systemic antibacterial drugs and fundamentally altered the trajectory of infectious disease treatment. These compounds represented the beginning of rational medicinal chemistry, synthetic antimicrobial development, and industrial pharmaceutical innovation. Today, nearly a century after…